EL1 · Australian Public Service

EL1 Interview Questions and Sample Answers

By , Founder and Interview CoachLast updated

The EL1 interview is where candidates most often answer one level too low. Panels are scoring you as a supervisor and an adviser to your director — not as the strongest doer in the team.

What is EL1? EL1 (Executive Level 1) is the first of two Executive Level classifications in the Australian Public Service. It sits above APS 6 and below EL2, with the Senior Executive Service above that. Most EL1 roles supervise a team and advise a director.

What EL1 is accountable for

At EL1 you manage people and work programs under broad direction, exercise significant delegation, and provide advice your director can act on without rework.

  • Supervising staff: allocating work, managing performance, and developing people deliberately.
  • Balancing competing priorities across a team, including deciding what will not be done.
  • Advice that is decision-ready and stands up when tested by a more senior officer.
  • Managing risk, integrity and conduct matters through the proper channel.
  • Representing your area outside it — other branches, other agencies, external stakeholders.
  • Drawing on the Integrated Leadership System capabilities, which panels use alongside the Work Level Standards at EL level.

15 common EL1 interview questions, by ILS capability

EL1 panels usually build their questions around the five Integrated Leadership System capabilities. Here are the ones I'd prepare for, with what the panel is listening for in each. Questions marked ★ have a full sample answer further down the page.

ILS capabilityShapes strategic thinkingQuestionTell us about a time you connected your team's work to a broader agency or government priority.What the panel is listening forWhy the work mattered, not just what you did.
ILS capabilityShapes strategic thinkingQuestion★ Tell us about something you changed that nobody had asked you to look at.What the panel is listening forYou looked past your own work program and took the idea through the right channel.
ILS capabilityShapes strategic thinkingQuestionHow do you keep a longer-term goal on track when urgent work keeps landing?What the panel is listening forYou protect priority work on purpose, and you can say what you parked.
ILS capabilityAchieves resultsQuestion★ Describe a time you had to manage competing priorities across your team with insufficient capacity.What the panel is listening forYou decided what wouldn't be done and took that decision upwards.
ILS capabilityAchieves resultsQuestionTell us about a time you identified a risk to your program. How did you manage it?What the panel is listening forYou named the risk early, knew your threshold and escalated at the right point.
ILS capabilityAchieves resultsQuestion★ Describe a time you had to deliver with less budget or fewer staff than planned.What the panel is listening forTrade-offs you owned, not longer hours.
ILS capabilityCultivates productive working relationshipsQuestion★ Tell us about a time you managed an underperforming team member.What the panel is listening forSpecific, timely, documented, and through the proper process.
ILS capabilityCultivates productive working relationshipsQuestionHow have you led a team through a change some of them didn't support?What the panel is listening forYou listened, explained the why, and kept delivery going.
ILS capabilityCultivates productive working relationshipsQuestion★ Tell us about a time you built a working relationship outside your area to deliver an outcome.What the panel is listening forInfluence without authority.
ILS capabilityExemplifies personal drive and integrityQuestion★ Tell us about a time you acted on the APS Values when it wasn't the easy option.What the panel is listening forYou acted, used the proper channel, and can name the value.
ILS capabilityExemplifies personal drive and integrityQuestionDescribe a decision you made without all the information you wanted.What the panel is listening forWhat you checked, what you decided, and that you owned the result.
ILS capabilityExemplifies personal drive and integrityQuestionHow have you implemented a decision you personally disagreed with?What the panel is listening forYou raised your concerns through the right channel, then implemented it in good faith.
ILS capabilityCommunicates with influenceQuestion★ Give us an example of advice you provided to a senior executive on a difficult issue.What the panel is listening forDecision-ready advice that held when it was tested.
ILS capabilityCommunicates with influenceQuestionTell us about a time you persuaded a stakeholder who started out opposed.What the panel is listening forYou understood their position before you tried to move it.
ILS capabilityCommunicates with influenceQuestionDescribe a time you explained something complex to a non-specialist audience.What the panel is listening forYou shaped the message around what they needed to decide.

Pitching at EL1, not the level either side

The most common reason a strong candidate misses out is answering one level below the role. Same story, wrong emphasis.

Lifting from the level below

APS 6 answers foreground the quality of your own work and advice. EL1 answers foreground decisions about other people's work.

Not overreaching

EL 2 answers reach across a branch or program and manage managers. At EL1 the unit of accountability is your team and your work program.

What an EL1 earns in 2026

EL1 pay is set agency by agency, like the APS levels. As of 12 March 2026, EL1 base salaries sit at roughly A$122,000 to A$142,000, before superannuation.

AgencyEL1 base salary (from 12 March 2026)
Australian Financial Security AuthorityA$121,755 – A$141,441
Services AustraliaA$122,493 – A$135,731
Australian Public Service CommissionA$123,996 – A$142,116
Australian Taxation OfficeA$129,551 – A$141,239

The jump from APS 6 is real, and so is the jump in what the panel expects for it.

The step up from APS 6 to EL1

The step to EL1 is the biggest jump in the APS, and it's where I see strong APS 6 candidates fall short most often. At APS 6, you're judged on the quality of your own work. At EL1, you're judged on the work you get done through other people, and on the advice you give upwards.

  • People. Most EL1 roles supervise staff. Panels want to hear you setting direction, developing people and dealing with underperformance, not just allocating tasks.
  • Strategy. EL1s connect their team's work to the agency's priorities. Show that you understood why the work mattered, not only how you did it.
  • Risk and resources. Expect questions on budgets, competing priorities and what you chose not to do.

Your EL1 pitch

An EL1 pitch has the same rules as any APS pitch: follow the word limit in the job ad, and give your strongest two or three examples. The difference is level. Every example should show you leading, deciding or advising, not doing the work yourself. If you haven't formally supervised, use examples of leading a project team, mentoring or managing contractors, and say so plainly.

The follow-up questions to expect

EL1 panels probe harder, because they're testing whether you can operate on your own. Practice these for each example:

  • How did you bring your team along with the decision?
  • What did you escalate, and what did you decide yourself?
  • What advice did you give your director, and did they take it?
  • What would you do if the same problem came up with half the resources?
  • How did you handle the person who disagreed with you?

EL1 interview questions with sample answers

Use these as models for structure and evidence density, not as scripts. Substitute your own work — panels can tell.

Cultivates productive working relationships

1. Tell us about a time you managed an underperforming team member.

What the panel is scoring

Whether you were specific and timely, used the proper process, and can say what changed.

In short

Raise it within a fortnight with specific examples, find the cause, agree a written plan with regular check-ins, and keep your director informed. Then say what changed.

Sample strong answer

Situation: an APS 5 in my team was missing internal deadlines and the quality of drafting had dropped over about two months. Task: I supervised her. Action: I raised it within the fortnight rather than saving it for a cycle conversation, and I came with three specific instances rather than an impression. It emerged the workload had shifted to work she had never been trained in. We agreed a plan: two named pieces of work with me reviewing at draft stage, a fortnightly 20-minute check-in, and training on the new subject matter. I recorded the plan in writing so the expectations were not open to interpretation, and I kept my director informed. Result: her drafting was back at standard within six weeks and she stayed in the team. Had it not moved, the documented plan would have been the basis for a formal process.

Mistake to avoid: Vague encouragement, or leaving the conversation until the performance cycle. Both read below EL1.
Achieves results

2. Describe a time you had to manage competing priorities across your team with insufficient capacity.

What the panel is scoring

Whether you decided what would not be done, and whether you took that decision upwards rather than absorbing it.

In short

Rank the work by the consequence of being late, then take your director a revised plan with the cost of each option. At EL1, escalating the trade-off is the skill.

Sample strong answer

Situation: my section of seven had three commitments landing in the same fortnight — a submission, an audit response and business-as-usual casework — with one person on unplanned leave. Task: I owned the work program. Action: I ranked the three by consequence of being late rather than by who had asked, put the two people with audit experience on the audit response, and went to my director with a specific proposal: the submission moves by a week, casework holds at the service standard, audit lands on time. I named the cost of each option instead of asking her to sort it out. Result: she agreed and negotiated the submission date with the policy owner. All three commitments were met on the revised plan, and no one in the team worked a weekend.

Mistake to avoid: Absorbing the shortfall silently. At EL1, escalating a re-prioritised plan is the competency, not a failure.

Going for a leadership role? Download the free STAR Method for Leaders worksheet

Exemplifies personal drive and integrity

3. Tell us about a time you had to act on the APS Values when it was not the easy option.

What the panel is scoring

Whether you acted, used the proper channel, and can name the value in play.

In short

Check your facts, raise it through the proper channel the same day, and fix the process so it doesn't happen again. Name the value you acted on.

Sample strong answer

Situation: six weeks after publication I found an error in a figure in our annual report. Nobody had queried it. Task: raising it meant a formal correction and some discomfort for the area that supplied it. Action: I verified the error against source data before saying anything, took it to my director the same day with the corrected figure and a one-paragraph note on the cause, and drafted the correction notice myself rather than handing the problem over. Result: the correction was published, and I added a two-person verification step for published figures. Accountability mattered more than the awkwardness of the correction, and the process change meant it was not just an apology.

Mistake to avoid: Naming a value without an event, or describing something you observed but did not act on.
Communicates with influence

4. Give us an example of advice you provided to a senior executive on a difficult issue.

What the panel is scoring

Whether the advice was decision-ready, and how it held up when it was tested.

In short

Give two options with their consequences, a clear recommendation and any assumption you couldn't verify. If the reasoning hasn't changed, hold your position when you're probed.

Sample strong answer

Situation: my first assistant secretary had to decide whether to pause a program while an eligibility issue was resolved. Task: I was asked for a recommendation within two days. Action: I set out two options with the consequence of each for participants, the legal exposure, and the communications position, and recommended a targeted pause on the affected cohort rather than the whole program. I had the legal reading confirmed before it went up, and I flagged the one assumption I could not verify. When she pressed on why not a full pause, I held the recommendation and explained the participant impact, because the reasoning had not changed. Result: the targeted pause was adopted, roughly 90% of participants were unaffected, and the eligibility issue was resolved in three weeks.

Mistake to avoid: Reversing under questioning. Probing is how a panel gathers evidence, not a signal you were wrong.
Shapes strategic thinking

5. Tell us about something you changed that nobody had asked you to look at.

What the panel is scoring

Whether you saw beyond your own work program, and whether you took the idea through the right channel.

In short

Find the root cause, put a cost on it, and take a proposal to the owner instead of building a local workaround.

Sample strong answer

Situation: my team reconciled two systems manually every month, roughly two days of effort, and it was accepted as normal. Task: it was on nobody's work plan, including mine. Action: I had a team member document where the discrepancies actually came from. Most traced to one field entered inconsistently at intake. I wrote it up with the estimated annual time cost and took a proposal for a validation rule to the system owner rather than building a workaround locally. Result: the rule was implemented at the next release and the reconciliation became a half-day task. I also used the piece of work as a development opportunity for the officer who did the analysis.

Mistake to avoid: Fixing it unilaterally. At EL1 the panel wants to see you bring the right people in.
Cultivates productive working relationships

6. Tell us about a time you built a working relationship with a stakeholder outside your area to deliver an outcome.

What the panel is scoring

Whether you build relationships deliberately and represent your area well beyond your own team. At EL1 this often means other agencies, central agencies or external partners.

In short

Find out why the relationship stalled, agree a way of working that suits both sides, and show what each side gained.

Sample strong answer

Situation: our program relied on data from a state agency that had stopped responding to requests. Task: I needed the data flowing again without any authority over their team. Action: I asked for a meeting with their manager and listened to why. Our requests had been arriving ad hoc and unprioritised. I agreed a quarterly data schedule with them, and we each set up a single point of contact. Result: within two quarters every data request was met on time, and they invited us to co-design their next collection.

Mistake to avoid: Describing a relationship that only worked because you had authority over the other person. Panels want influence without control.
Achieves results

7. Describe a time you had to deliver with less budget or fewer staff than you'd planned for.

What the panel is scoring

How you make trade-offs and own them. EL1s manage resources, risk and priorities, and are expected to tell their director what won't get done, not just work harder.

In short

Map the work against priorities, recommend what to pause, redistribute the rest deliberately, and report what you delivered.

Sample strong answer

Situation: halfway through the year my team lost one of four staff and 15% of our contractor budget. Task: I owned the team's work program. Action: I mapped our work against the branch's priorities and recommended to my director that we pause one low-impact review. I redistributed the remaining work based on each person's strengths and set fortnightly check-ins to catch overload early. Result: we delivered all three priority projects on time, and the paused review restarted the next quarter with new funding.

Mistake to avoid: A story where you absorbed the shortfall by working longer hours. That shows commitment, but not EL1 judgement.

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EL1 interview questions — FAQs

EL1 stands for Executive Level 1, the first of two Executive Level classifications in the Australian Public Service. It sits above APS 6 and below EL2. Most EL1s supervise a team, manage a work program and advise a director.

EL1 panels usually ask four to six behavioural questions built around the Integrated Leadership System. Common ones are: managing competing priorities with too little capacity, managing an underperforming team member, giving advice to a senior executive on a difficult issue, acting on the APS Values when it wasn't easy, and building a working relationship outside your area. Expect follow-ups on what you decided yourself and what you escalated.

The unit of accountability. An APS 6 answer is about the quality and consequence of your own work and advice. An EL1 answer is about decisions you made concerning other people's work — allocation, performance, development — and about advice your director could act on unchanged. The same story can be told at either level; the emphasis decides how it scores.

It is harder but it happens, particularly in specialist areas. If you have not formally supervised, use acting arrangements, project leadership, or supervising work rather than people — allocating tasks, reviewing others' drafts, running a working group. Say plainly what you have and have not done; panels probe overstated supervision quickly.

Commonly, yes, alongside the APS Work Level Standards and the selection criteria. The ILS capabilities at EL1 cover shaping strategic thinking, achieving results, cultivating productive working relationships, exemplifying personal drive and integrity, and communicating with influence — which is why questions cluster around those five.

Typically 45 to 60 minutes with four to six set questions and substantial probing. Some agencies add a presentation, a written task or a scenario exercise at EL level; confirm the format with the contact officer in the advertisement.

Base salaries are roughly A$122,000 to A$142,000 from 12 March 2026, depending on the agency, plus superannuation.

Two to three minutes each. Panels often ask follow-up questions, so keep extra detail in reserve.

Rehearse at EL1

Set your target classification in the Practice Lab and rehearse out loud. You get feedback on structure, evidence and delivery after every answer, and you can retry the same question to compare attempts.

Other APS classifications

Also useful: the APS interview questions guide for the Work Level Standards overall, the Australian government interview questions guide for state frameworks, and STAR method example answers for the underlying answer structure.

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